Bandwidth = maximum theoretical capacity.
Throughput = actual data rate achieved.
Latency = one-way delay.
Jitter = variation in latency (critical for VoIP/video).
1Gbps bandwidth ≠ 1Gbps throughput. Overhead, errors, and congestion reduce throughput. Latency affects real-time applications more than throughput. Jitter buffers smooth VoIP quality. QoS prioritizes latency-sensitive traffic.